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Rahul Sundaram, [email protected]
v1.6, 2002-12-27This file describes the autofs automounter, how to configure it, andpoints out some problems to avoid.- 6.12 where to contact the developpers' ?.Is there a mailing-list for autofs ?
1.1 Revision History
- Versions below 1.5 - Authored by Don.
- Version 1.5 - Added the copyright and other minor details.Rahul Sundaram took over maintainance.
- Version 1.5.1 - Added details to the question about VFAT.
- Version 1.5.2 - Revision history and other minor corrections.
- Version 1.6 - Added a few questions and answers.
1.2 Automount - what and why?
Automounting is the process where mounting and unmounting of certainfilesystems is done automatically by a daemon. If the filesystem is unmounted,and a user attempts to access it, it will be automatically (re)mounted. Thisis especially useful in large networked environments and for crossmountingfilesystems between a few machines (especially ones which are not alwaysonline). It may also be very useful for removable devices, or a few otheruses, such as easy switching between a forced-on ascii conversion mount ofa dos filesystem and a forced-off ascii conversion mount of the same dos fs.If you are new to Linux and dont understand what mounting and deamons are,then refer tosome documentation regarding this.1.3 Types of automounting
There are two types of automounters in linux; AMD and autofs. AMD is theautomount daemon, and supposedly works like the SunOS AMD. It is implemented in user space, meaning it's not part of the kernel. It's not necessary for the kernel to understand automounting if you NFS mount to the local host, through the AMD daemon, which routes all automount filesystem traffic through the NFS system. Autofs is a newer system assisted by the kernel, meaning that the kernel's filesystem code knows where the automount mount points are on an otherwise normal underlying fs, and the automount program takes it from there. Only autofs will be described in this mini-howto.2.1 Copyright information
This mini-HOWTO is Copyright Rahul Sundaram Sundaram.All rights reserved.This document is licensed underthe Linux Documentation Project license.I welcome any kind of commercial distrubution but I would like to receive information regarding this.I would also help anyone willing to translate this document.If you require any exceptions to the licensing termsplease contact me Rahul Sundaram. The latest version of this document is always available at the Linux Documentationwebsite at http://tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Automount.html.2.2 Disclaimer
Although I have tried to do my best to bring out this howto in a good form,I am not responsible for any damage due to the actions taken based upon theinformation contained in this document. It is impossible to test thethings under all the configurations, so probably some of the hints givenin this document may be incorrect and may not work on your system. In case youfind anything wrong, let me know it first.I will rewrite it as soon as possible.This document is provided ``as is'. I put great effort into writingit as accurately as I could, but you use the information contained init at your own risk. In no event shall I be liable for any damagesresulting from the use of this work.Autofs is implemented in kernel-space, so your kernel must have support compiled in. All versions of the kernel starting from 2.2.xx supports autofs.The automount program and its configuration files are also necessary; using the rpms. The RedHat distribution has this package available as part of the installation.Installing the RPM packages will get you to this point easily enough, but here's the part you might not be sure about if you haven't done this before.There are two files in /etc, one calledauto.master
and one calledauto.misc
.A sample auto.master looks like this:The first entry is not the mount point. It's where the set of mount points(found in the second entry) are going to be. The third option says that themounted filesystems can try to unmount themselves 60 seconds after use. You will have tostop using the disk before unmounting it.Auto.misc is a 'map file'. The map file can have any name; this one is named auto.misc because it originally controlled /misc. Multiple map files can be defined in auto.master.My auto.misc looks like this:The first column (the 'key') is the mount point. In this case it would be/auto/floppy or whatever. The middle set are the options; read the mountmanpage for details on this. And the last column specifies where the fscomes from. The 'kernel' entry is supposed to be an NFS mount. The : on allthe other lines means its a local device.Some of you may be eyeing that 60 second timeout and thinking, that's a longtime to wait to eject a floppy. Maybe I'll just sync the disks and popit out mounted and nobody will notice. Let me suggestsaner alternatives
.First of all, you can change the timeout. But that could be a littleinefficient; telling the system to unmount stuff after only 15 seconds orwhatever. Depending on your setup, you may be able to simply run the umountcommand as a normal user. But there is actually a way to ask the automount program to umount. If you send (with the program kill) the signalSIGUSR1
to the automount process,it will unmount everything it can. But before people start making unmountbuttons on their window managers, there's a little problem.The automount process is run by root, and it will only accept signals fromroot. Half of the reason you're probably doing automounting is so you can mount and unmount without being root. It would be easy to make a suid-rootC program which does the dirty deed. However, by using sudo it is possibleto allow users to send the proper kill signal. The only problem is thatsudo will not let you use to process subcommands, which you would have todo to find the current PID. You should have a program called killall, whichwill let you do this:Otherwise, you would have to allow your users to send -SIGUSR1 to all processes.That has various effects on programs; it will recycle some window managers,but kills xemacs. So here's hoping there's no buffer overruns in killall.. Word air 1 6 1 download free.6.1 I don't see /auto/floppy, or whatever mountpoint I'm looking for.
If automount is setup properly, whatever mount point you're looking for will be there if you try and use it, even though you don't see it when not in use. Myriad 4 2 1 – audio batch processor manual. If you're browsing the directory with agraphical tool, you may need to type in the name manually; most programs will try what you give it, and the drive will be mounted before it notices. Unfortunately notbeing able to choose from the available invisible mount points is probably themajor drawback of autofs. If it really bugs you, edit the configuration files.(Hint, the ones that end in .c for 'configuration')One workaround several people have tried is to create symbolic links to where automount will create something once it's mounted. This will likely prevent the program from complaining a directory doesn't exist (if the mount works, that is) but careless directory listings will cause filesystems to be mounted.6.2 How do I see what's mounted?
Thedf
command.mount
with no options will do the same, plus show the options its mounted with.6.3 I put in a win95 disk ('vfat') and it was autodetected as only a regular FAT disk.
This is not a problem with automount.The 'auto' fs type does not attempt a vfat mount before it successfully mounts an MS-DOS filesystem. VFAT is an extension of the basic FAT filesystem inorder to provide Windows 95 and Windows NT with long filenames.According to one of the authors of mount, since mount is only a wrapper around a system call which must specify the filesystem type, it's still the responsibility of the user to come up with the fs type. Having mount take a list of filesystems to try in order, rather than the current 'heuristic' is under consideration. Some users have simply not compiled msdos into the kernel; this prevents it from being tested prior to vfat. This will work for most people; a few actually need msdos fs and there is actually a work around.You have to copy the /proc/filesystems as /etc/filesystems and edit it to change the order such that vfat appears before msdos.(Thanks Mark)Ariel(aslinux At dsgml.com) writes'o make mount try vfat before fat, just create or edit the file/etc/filesystemsList, in order of priority, what filesystems you want the 'auto' fstypeto try.Create the file with cp /proc/filesystems /etc/filesystems.Edit the list to change the order. Put fs types that are detected withgreat confidence such as ext2 (which means they are checked veryquickly),and those that are more common for you first. Just put vfat before msdosand you're all set. Make sure to put both, in case you're mountingsomething that has no vfat.Mine looks like:ext2vfatmsdosiso9660****Short menu 3 0 2. I use a timeout of 1 second for removable devices. Create separatemaps, separated by the timeout you need.You're thinking 1 second? That wastes a lot of resources - but itdoesn't.Remember that the system only unmounts when it's no longer in use.So a 1 second unmount means, as soon as no one is using the device,it'sunmounted.Also, be very sure to put 'sync' as an option for the floppy!i.e.floppy -fstype=auto,sync,user,umask=002,gid=floppy :/dev/fd0'That should make clear the answer.6.4 My filesystem
/auto/grumblesmurf
is mounted andkill -SIGUSR1
won't unmount it.It's being used by something. Root probably can't manually unmount iteither. If you're the one who caused it to be mounted (i.e. it can't be someoneelse using it) look around for a shell that might be in that directory. Ifthere are none, look for something else (particularly something that mighthave gone though that directory like a directory browser) that might have leftan invisible foot in the door so to speak. If you've given up looking, tryusing the fuser program.6.5 What happens if I make / the directory for the automounter
I dont recommend it.If you want /grumblesmurf, then I suggest a symbolic link. It would be much safer.6.6 Can I have two map files on the same directory?
Not as far as I know. Try using one map file, with specific options for individual entries.6.7 I'm using SuSE 6.0 and needed
---timeout
instead of--timeout
Another solution to 'timeout not working' problems would be to add a-t time
option to the autofs script.6.8 How do I set the permissions and ownership for the filesystem (ie)FAT.
Check the man page for mount for some of the options, such as setting the uid=value or umask=value options. One option that appears to be missing for FAT filesystems is mode=value. Sorry. Check in with the people who do mounting.6.10 Who do I thank for autofs?
This is only a documentation provided for you to grab everyone's attention to what a greatjob had been done with autofs, and howeasy it is to use.Compared to the original perpetratorsof AMD,the autofs is very well documented and the implementors have my sincere thanks.Everything has been copyrighted by the Transmeta company so it's not possible to providea credits list, but Peter Anvin is probably responsible for quite a bit of it. Peter also helda session on autofs at linuxworldexpo on March 3, 1999.6.11 Where can I learn more about automounting?
There's a autofs tutorial at http://www.linuxhq.com/lg/issue24/nielsen.html.See also am-utils at http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~ezk/am-utils6.12 where to contact the developpers' ?.Is there a mailing-list for autofs ?
I could not locate any information regarding this.Please let me know if you come across anything.I would like to thank Don (email id seems to be invalid now) for his original work on this mini-Howto.I thank Ariel for hisanswer regarding the question on 'win95 vfat' issue.I would thank all my friends for their support and everyone who were patient enough with me while I completed this work.Please mail me to Rahul Sundaram in case of any suggestions,improvements or if you have any bright ideas.Please mail me if you have any good tutorials or stuff that I can add to this document.Thanks in advance.I dedicate this document to my late parents Mr.V.Sundaram and Mrs.S.Soundara Sundaram.
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